· There has been a shift in the prevalence and affected age groups of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) in India.[1]
· Diseases such as influenza and typhoid, which affect adults, have high burden. In Karnataka, cases of seasonal influenza increased by 60% per annum from 2013 to 2019.[2]
· Low levels of awareness and a lack of official adult vaccination recommendations have resulted in reduced vaccine coverage amongst Indian adults.
· Recognizing this gap, The Association of Physicians of India (API) has released the first-ever adult immunization recommendations for India, outlining evidence-based information on vaccine administration and prevention guidance for various VPDs.
The Association of Physicians of India (API) has released the first ever adult immunization recommendations for India, in partnership with Abbott. This comprehensive set of recommendations, put forward by a panel of healthcare experts, provides robust, evidence-based information to support physicians in recommending adult vaccination against typhoid, influenza and a range of other diseases. These recommendations meet an urgent need to equip physicians with data on vaccines, including dosage, indications, delivery frequency and administration, so physicians can drive greater coverage of adult vaccination across India.
Vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) in India such as influenza, Hepatitis A and B, typhoid fever and more have undergone a discernible shift in the nature of prevalence, affected age groups and the susceptibility of infectious diseases.[3] Influenza, for instance, is a highly prevalent respiratory disease and seasonal influenza cases in Karnataka have significantly increased by 60% per annum in the period 2013 to 2019.[4] Similarly, in 2016, India reported 6.6 million typhoid cases (499 cases per 1,00,000 population), with 44% of mortality occurring in persons more than 15 years of age.[5] In Karnataka, there were 127,150 cases in 2018, contributing 5.51% to India’s total burden.[6]
Factors such as rapid globalization and increased frequency of international travel contribute to the rising likelihood of adults contracting VPDs.[7] These diseases can also exacerbate existing comorbidities and are associated with high morbidity and mortality[8].
While vaccinations remain the most effective prevention strategy to maintain immunity for a prolonged period, [9] adult immunization remains neglected. Inadequate awareness, lack of an established body of official recommendations[10] and vaccine hesitancy contribute to reduced vaccine coverage across the Indian adult population.
The adult immunization recommendations introduced by the API will enable healthcare practitioners to effectively make informed decisions regarding adult vaccines.[11] They explain the role of vaccines as a crucial preventive strategy and health management tool for adults. They encompass information on the causes, symptoms and associated complications of VPDs, including influenza, typhoid, Japanese encephalitis and hepatitis A & B amongst other diseases, and provide clinical data on various available adult vaccines. This data includes indications, dosage, frequency, schedules and catch-up vaccination timelines. The recommendations also highlight the increased need for vaccines amongst specific at-risk populations, including people with comorbidities, healthcare providers, frequent travelers, geriatrics and pregnant women.
Commenting on the recommendations, Padma Bhushan Prof. Nirmal Kumar Ganguly, Former Director General, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, stated, “There is potential to increase adult immunization coverage in India. To develop these evidence-based recommendations, we convened a panel of healthcare experts across specialty practices, ranging from Cardiology, Pulmonology, Gynecology to Nephrology. The result is a comprehensive body of knowledge outlining best practices and reliable information on adult immunization in India. Through these recommendations, we hope to drive a paradigm shift to ensure adult vaccinations are increasingly suggested and adopted.”
Highlighting the role the recommendations can play in improving health outcomes, Dr. Srirupa Das, Medical Director, Abbott India said, “While vaccinations prevent infectious diseases, prolong and improve quality of life, emphasis on adult immunization is pretty low. These recommendations will help increase the awareness and equip healthcare practitioners with evidence-based information to guide vaccine recommendation and administration. At Abbott, we aim to continue raising awareness to protect people from vaccine-preventable diseases, so they can live fuller and healthier lives.”
About the Adult Immunization Recommendations
The recommendations, titled ‘Adult Immunization in India: Changing the Immunization Paradigm,’ are authored by a panel of healthcare experts formed by the Association of Physicians of India (API). These healthcare experts are from a number of specialties, including Pulmonology, Cardiology, Gynaecology, Endocrinology and Nephrology. The Chief Editors are Prof. Dr. S Arulrhaj, Dr. K.K. Pareek of API and Prof. Nirmal Kumar Ganguly, Former Director General of ICMR. Published by Wiley India, the recommendations cover the introduction to and history of vaccines and address the current landscape of vaccine-preventable diseases. They detail clinical data on available adult vaccines on a number of diseases, including influenza, typhoid, chicken pox, shingles, Japanese encephalitis and more, and also outline the usage of vaccines in special populations, such as in patients with comorbidities or healthcare professionals.
About Abbott
Abbott is a global healthcare leader that helps people live more fully at all stages of life. Our portfolio of life-changing technologies spans the spectrum of healthcare, with leading businesses and products in diagnostics, medical devices, nutritionals and branded generic medicines. Our 107,000 colleagues serve people in more than 160 countries. In India, Abbott was established in 1910, and is one of the country's oldest and most admired healthcare companies. With over 12,000 employees in the country, Abbott in India is helping to meet the healthcare needs of consumers, patients and doctors throughout urban and rural India.
[1] Rathi, A. (2017). Infectious diseases diagnosis & treatment. Vaccine preventable diseases in Indian adults- burden and prevention. Gavin Publishers.
[2] Seasonal Influenza H1N1: State/UT - wise, Year-wise number of cases and deaths from 2016-2020 & State/UT - wise, Year-wise number of cases and deaths from 2010-2015; available at https://ncdc.gov.in/index4.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=119&lid=276, accessed on 23 March 2021.
[3] Rathi, A. (2017). Infectious diseases diagnosis & treatment. Vaccine preventable diseases in Indian adults- burden and prevention. Gavin Publishers.
[4] Seasonal Influenza H1N1: State/UT - wise, Year-wise number of cases and deaths from 2016-2020 & State/UT - wise, Year-wise number of cases and deaths from 2010-2015; available at https://ncdc.gov.in/index4.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=119&lid=276, accessed on 23 March 2021.
[5] Vashishtha VM. Adolescent Immunization Schedule: Need for a Relook [Internet]. Vol. 101, INDIAN PEDIATRICS. 2019 [cited 2019 Jul 17]. Available from: https://www.indianpediatrics.net/feb2019/101.pdf
[6] National Health Profile (NHP) of India- 2019
[7] Rathi, A., & Sharma, S. (2017). Vaccine Preventable Diseases in Indian Adults- Burden & Prevention. Infect Dis Diag Treat, Gavin Publishers. 2017(1), J102.
[8] Association of Physicians of India (2020). Adult Immunization in India: Changing the Immunization Paradigm. Wiley India Publications.
[9] Rathi, A. (2017). Infectious diseases diagnosis & treatment. Vaccine preventable diseases in Indian adults- burden and prevention. Gavin Publishers.
[10] Rathi, A. (2017). Infectious diseases diagnosis & treatment. Vaccine preventable diseases in Indian adults- burden and prevention. Gavin Publishers.
[11] Association of Physicians of India (2020). Adult Immunization in India: Changing the Immunization Paradigm. Wiley India Publications.
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